Reseach Methodology

Methodology

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques

A methodology does not set out to provide solutions - it is, therefore, not the same thing as a method. Instead, it offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding which method, set of methods or so called “best practices” can be applied to specific case, for example, to calculate a specific result.
It has been defined also as follows:

1. "the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline";
2. "the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline"
3. "the study or description of methods"

Linguistic

A VIEW OF LINGUISTIC SEMANTICS 

The article presents the programme of 'subjectively'-oriented cognitive semantics. The programme was launched about twenty years ago and has been consistently developed by its author, his co-workers and followers ever since. The tenets of author's cognitive grammar concern the conceptual and subject-oriented nature of meaning, the question of linguistic meanings vis-a-vis the knowledge of the world, and above all the view of meaning as embedded in the network of 'categorial relations'. This programmatic article contains important and still inspiring conceptions of linguistic imagery (or construal), its dimensions, such as the level of specificity (the detail, 'granularity', or resolution) of the image, its scope of predication, the role of compositional paths in interpreting meanings, the notion of 'perspective' and the mental construction of spaces by the conceptualizing and speaking subject.

Linguistic

Musical experience shapes human brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch patterns

Music and speech are very cognitively demanding auditory phenomena generally attributed to cortical rather than subcortical circuitry. We examined brainstem encoding of linguistic pitch and found that musicians show more robust and faithful encoding compared with nonmusicians. These results not only implicate a common subcortical manifestation for two presumed cortical functions, but also a possible reciprocity of corticofugal speech and music tuning, providing neurophysiological explanations for musicians' higher language-learning ability.

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1. The Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3540, USA.
2. Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3540, USA.
3. Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3540, USA.
4. Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3540, USA.
5. These authors contributed equally to this work

Linguistic

Linguistic

 

Linguistic has related to the people because it studies about language, it is mean that linguistic focus in language how the language formed, meaning and context. This is study, just focus in structure or grammar of language especially in morphology aspect. “The first subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of rules followed by the users of a language. It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound systems)” 

People must understand structure of language and can use it as well as possible; language is needed by people so far they need to interaction with each other. Therefore, we must understand it. People not only understand but also how the way uses a good language to commutate each other. As we see today, communication is very need by all people because first tool of interaction is language. Wedrana Mihalicek et al (2011: 7) said “when you use language, you use it to communicate an idea from your mind to the mind of some else”.

Human life in the world need to interaction with the other people to cover our need. In addition, we cannot life as individual in this world and we must make interaction and communication each other. In their interaction and communication, we must use tool to understand what we want. Language as a toll of communication so if we understand and be able to use it as well as we can interact and communicate with each other but if we do not understand and cannot use it as well as, we cannot interact and communicate with them.

As we know in our interaction, language as tool of communication to express our need like thoughts and feeling and this fact like A.S Hornby (1995: 662) say “language is system of sounds and word used by human to express their thoughts and feeling“. Therefore, we must learn language to understand people’s thoughts and feeling and to understand and use language we must understand the pattern because language has some of pattern to construct it sentence, phrase and word, like how to mike like become dislike. English is one of popular language in this era and English has some of pattern to construct it word, phrase and sentences.

One of pattern in English language about how a word has same meanings because of addition some of Alfa bates in beginning or end of word. This pattern called morphology in English. Morphology in English language has different processes and some of them make new meaning and part of speech.

Reseach Methodology

 Reseach Methodology

A. Methodology of the Researh This paper conducts an experimental method. Some views on the definition of the experimental method stated as follow: Surakhmad (1989:29) states that: “Experimental research is the method of the research which explain the data for predicting the events in the future”
Suryabrata (2003:58) states that experimental design is; “The experiment research is oriented to observe possibility of causal- effect by giving treatment to on or more experimental groups, within it on or more condition of treatment trying to compare the result of the samples”
Base on the statement above, the writer could determine that experimental research is the sign used for explaining data in future situation and to observe the possibility of causal-effect by giving treatment to compare the result. The method that used in this research is descriptive quantitative method, where it uses a field as an object observation describing a situation in the present time. In this paper, the writer tries to find out significance between the implementation of the role-play in teaching learning activities, and it significance in improving students’ vocabulary mastery.

B. Population and Sample 1. Population According to H. Muhammad Ali, (1992:5) “If the sample really represent of population, what is known about the sample is our knowledge of the population. The implication is, if the research which used really represent of population, so done generally to the population”.
While according to Arikunto, (1998:115-117) states that: “Population is the whole of research subject, where as sample is a part of population”.
In this case, the writer has chosen the seventh grade of SMP Negeri I Indramayu.
2.Sample The sample to be investigated is taken randomly. The number of sample is 40 students as the experimental or as an experimental group. In this case the writer chooses 40 students as the control group as the comparer to the sample.

C. Place and Time
The place of research that conducted by the writer is; SMP Negeri I – Indramayu. The observation is done on March 6, up to 6 of June 2009.

D. Data Collection To get collecting the objective data, the writer will apply the steps as follows:
1.Observation Observation or Study is an activity to do measuring, by using some instruments or questions to get the data. In this paper, the writer will observe the things that relate to the research process, which can support result of the data such as the condition of class, the students’ capacity in English skill or the condition of population, the technique of teaching vocabulary, the material, and the realia using in the class.
2.Test The writer observes variables and collects the data by using test as the main instrument. It consists of: 1.The Pre test 2.The Post test a.Pre-test: the first test before the writer applies the method teaching vocabulary by used the Mapping Words technique. b.Post-test: the second test after the writer applied the method teaching of vocabulary by used the Mapping words technique, to know how far distinction of developing student’s mastery in vocabulary. 3.Questionnaires The questionnaires are one of the research instruments. The writer uses the open questioner. It’s only for the English teacher, where the aim to know how far the relationship among methods. The writer has determined the answer to be marked by the respondents (teachers).the writer takes some questions as the research instrument as follows. 1)To dig information deeply, about teaching and learning process. 2)The result is easy to be reported. 3)The respondents will return the questioner quickly

D.Reseach method that will be carried out in experimental research methodology, so the writer will analyses the data by using the formula that explained by Suharsimi Arikunto as follows: Where: t = Test score M= Mean of each group N= Number of subjects X= Deviation of X1 and X2 Y= Deviation of Y1 and Y2

Translation

Translation

Competent translators show the following attributes:

• a very good knowledge of the language, written and spoken, from which they are translating (the source language);
• an excellent command of the language into which they are translating (the target language);
• familiarity with the subject matter of the text being translated;
• a profound understanding of the etymological and idiomatic correlates between the two languages; and
• a finely tuned sense of when to metaphrase ("translate literally") and when to paraphrase, so as to assure true rather than spurious equivalents between the source- and target-language texts.

A competent translator is not only bilingual but bicultural. A language is not merely a collection of words and of rules of grammar and syntax for generating sentences, but also a vast interconnecting system of connotations and cultural references whose mastery, writes linguist Mario Pei, "comes close to being a lifetime job.
The complexity of the translator's task cannot be overstated; one author suggests that becoming an accomplished translator — after having already acquired a good basic knowledge of both languages and cultures — may require a minimum of ten years' experience. Viewed in this light, it is a serious misconception to assume that a person who has fair fluency in two languages will, by virtue of that fact alone, be consistently competent to translate between them.
The translator's role in relation to a text has been compared to that of an artist, e.g., a musician or actor, who interprets a work of art. Translation, like other arts, inescapably involves choice, and choice implies interpretation English-language novelist Joseph Conrad advised his niece and Polish translator Aniela Zagórska:

[D]on't trouble to be too scrupulous... I may tell you (in French) that in my opinion "il vaut mieux interpréter que traduire" ["it is better to interpret than to translate"].... Il s'agit donc de trouver les équivalents. Et là, ma chère, je vous prie laissez vous guider plutôt par votre tempérament que par une conscience sévère.... [It is, then, a question of finding the equivalent expressions. And there, my dear, I beg you to let yourself be guided more by your temperament than by a strict conscience.